Framework: The Center for Internet Security (CIS) Top 18 Controls

Control 6 introduces the principle of least privilege, a core tenet of cybersecurity that restricts user and system access to only the permissions necessary for performing assigned tasks. This control moves beyond account creation to govern how those accounts are authorized to interact with enterprise assets and data. Over-privileged accounts are one of the most common and dangerous weaknesses in modern networks. Attackers exploit them to move laterally, escalate privileges, or exfiltrate sensitive information once initial access is gained. The principle of least privilege limits the potential damage of compromised credentials and reduces insider threat exposure. Implementing this concept requires detailed authorization policies, ongoing access reviews, and technical controls such as role-based access models and multi-factor authentication. It reinforces the broader objective of maintaining an environment where permissions reflect purpose rather than convenience.

Operationalizing least privilege begins with understanding the distinction between authentication and authorization. Authentication verifies identity, while authorization determines what an authenticated user or system is allowed to do. The control requires establishing repeatable access provisioning processes, typically through an IAM platform that automates approval workflows and enforces policy-based entitlements. Regular audits verify that privileges remain appropriate as users change roles or projects. For administrative accounts, least privilege means using just-in-time access—granting elevated rights only for the duration of necessary tasks. Service accounts and APIs should operate under the narrowest possible scope. In combination with monitoring tools, these measures ensure that privilege assignments remain transparent and justifiable. The principle of least privilege therefore represents both a mindset and a mechanism: a disciplined approach that protects confidentiality and integrity by minimizing exposure, while maintaining operational efficiency through structured, role-based access.
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